Low power, charge injection compensated charge pump

ABSTRACT

A charge pump includes at least one switching transistor for switching current on or off in response to an up or down signal, a pair of transistors (one coupled to the source and the other to the drain of the switching transistor) each having its source and drain shorted and coupled to receive a complement of the signal on the gate terminal of the switching transistor on their gate terminals, and a fourth transistor coupled to the drain of the switching transistor and a power supply. The pair of transistors are activated concurrent with the deactivation of the switching transistor. The fourth transistor may provide for active shutoff of a current transistor being switched by the switching transistor, by actively charging the source of the current transistor to a voltage which is not exceeded by the gate terminal of the current transistor.

This application claims benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/266,077, filed Feb. 2, 2001.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention is related to the field of charge pumps, and particularly their use in phase locked loops (PLLs).

2. Description of the Related Art

Charge pumps are employed in a wide variety of circuits, such as voltage doublers, clock doublers, phase-locked loops (PLLs), delay locked loops, memory systems, etc. Generally, a charge pump is configured to provide or remove charge from an output node of the charge pump in response to input up and down signals (respectively).

Charge pumps may experience error during operation from a variety of sources. Charge injection error may occur during switching of the transistors internal to the charge pump in response to the up and down signals. Clock feedthrough error may also be experienced across the parasitic gate to source and drain capacitances. Furthermore, transistor imperfections such as body effect, channel length modulation, drain induced barrier loading (DIBL), etc. may cause errors in the charge pump's operation.

These errors affect the amount of charge provided on or removed from the output node of the charge pump in response to a particular pulse width of the up and down signals, respectively. At reduced operating voltages (which are become more and more common as integrated circuit fabrication technologies advance), these errors are magnified.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A charge pump includes at least one switching transistor for switching current on or off in response to an up or down signal, a pair of transistors (one coupled to the source and the other to the drain of the switching transistor) each having its source and drain shorted and coupled to receive a complement of the signal on the gate terminal of the switching transistor on their gate terminals, and a fourth transistor coupled to the drain of the switching transistor and a power supply. The pair of transistors may reduce charge injection error by the switching transistor. They are activated concurrent with the deactivation of the switching transistor, and thus their channels are acquiring charge at a time when the charge injection may occur from the switching transistor. The acquired charge may include the injected charge. Additionally, since the gate terminals of the pair of transistors are transitioned in the opposite direction as the gate terminal of the switching transistor, clock feedthrough from the pair of transistors may reduce clock feedthrough error from the switching transistor. In one implementation, the pair of transistors may be sized approximately ½ the size of the switching transistor. Thus, parasitic capacitances between the gate terminal of the pair and the source and drain may be approximately ½ of the parasitic capacitances of the switching transistor. However, since the source and drain of each of the pair of transistors is shorted, the parasitic capacitances in parallel add to produce approximately the same parasitic capacitance on the source or drain as the switching transistor has. The fourth transistor may provide for active shutoff of a current transistor being switched by the switching transistor, by actively charging the source of the current transistor to a voltage which is not exceeded by the gate terminal of the current transistor.

In one embodiment, the charge pump may employ dummy loads to more accurately balance the load on the up and down signals received by the charge pump, in order to more evenly balance the up and down currents on the output node of the charge pump.

Broadly speaking, a circuit is contemplated. The circuit comprises a first, second, third, and fourth transistor. The first transistor, second transistor, and third transistor are coupled in series. The first transistor includes a first terminal, a second terminal, and a first gate terminal. The second transistor includes a third terminal, a fourth terminal, and a second gate terminal. The third transistor includes a fifth terminal, a sixth terminal, and a third gate terminal. The first terminal, the second terminal, and the third terminal are connected to a first node. The fourth terminal, the fifth terminal, and the sixth terminal are connected to a second node. The second gate terminal is coupled to receive a first signal, and the first gate terminal and the third gate terminal are coupled to receive a complement of the first signal. The fourth transistor has a seventh terminal, an eighth terminal, and a fourth gate terminal. The seventh terminal is coupled to the first node, the eighth terminal is coupled to a power supply, and the fourth gate terminal is coupled to receive the first signal.

Additionally, a method is contemplated. A first transistor having a first terminal and a second terminal is activated. The first transistor is deactivated. Concurrent with activating the first transistor, a second transistor having a third terminal and a fourth terminal each connected to the first terminal and a third transistor having a fifth terminal and a sixth terminal each connected to the second terminal are deactivated. Concurrent with deactivating the first transistor, the second transistor and the third transistor are activated. Concurrent with deactivating the first transistor, a fourth transistor having a seventh terminal coupled to the first terminal and an eighth terminal coupled to a power supply is activated.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following detailed description makes reference to the accompanying drawings, which are now briefly described.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a phase locked loop (PLL).

FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of one embodiment of a loop filter shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of one embodiment of a charge pump shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a timing diagram illustrating operation of portions of one embodiment of the charge pump shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of one embodiment of a voltage controlled oscillator shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram of one embodiment of a voltage regulator shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram of one embodiment of a power-up control circuit shown in FIG. 6.

FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram of a gain boosted operation amplifier circuit.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a carrier medium.

While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Turning now to FIG. 1, a block diagram of one embodiment of a phase locked loop (PLL) 10 is shown. Other embodiments are possible and contemplated. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the PLL 10 includes a voltage regulator 12, a phase/frequency detector (PFD) 14, a level shifter 16, a charge pump 18, a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 20, a pair of divide by two circuits 22 and 24, a divide by N circuit 26, a loop filter 28, a current generator 30, a configuration register 32, and a pair of output buffers 34 and 36. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the voltage regulator 12 is coupled to a first power supply which supplies a first voltage (V₁). The voltage regulator 12 provides regulated output voltages V_(reg1) and V_(reg2). The level shifter 16 is powered by V_(reg2), while the charge pump 18 and the VCO 20 are powered by V_(reg1). The output buffers 34 and 26, the divide by 2 circuits 22 and 24, the divide by N circuit 26, and the PFD 14 are powered by a V_(dd) supply voltage. The PFD 14 is coupled to receive the output of the divide by N circuit 26 and to receive a reference clock CLK_(ref). The PFD 14 provides Up and Down signals to the level shifter 16, which level shifts the Up and Down signals from the V_(dd) voltage domain to the V_(reg) voltage domain corresponding to V_(reg1) and V_(reg2). The charge pump 18 is coupled to receive the level-shifted Up and Down signals from the level shifter 16 as well as a reference current I_(ref) from the current generator 30. The charge pump 18 provides an output voltage V_(Ctrl) to the VCO 20, and the loop filter 28 is coupled to the node between the charge pump 18 and the VCO 20 as well. Both the loop filter 28 and the charge pump 18 are programmable via values in the configuration register 32 to which the loop filter 28 and the current generator 30 are coupled. Particularly, the charge pump 18 is programmable by changing the reference current I_(ref), as described in more detail below. The VCO 20 provides an output signal to the series connection of the divide by two circuits 22 and 24 (the output of each being buffered by output buffers 34 and 36, respectively). The output of the divide by 2 circuit 24 is fed back to the divide by N circuit 26.

Generally, the V_(dd) voltage may be the voltage supplied to the circuitry within an integrated circuit also employing the PLL 10. Accordingly, the V_(dd) voltage may be subject to a large amount of noise (variations in the voltage due to, e.g., digital switching in the integrated circuit, etc.). The V₁ voltage may also be subject to noise. In one implementation, the V₁ voltage may be the voltage supplied to input/output circuits of the integrated circuit. The V_(dd) and V₁ voltages may be any suitable voltages, and may supply any other suitable circuitry, as desired. In one exemplary implementation, the V_(dd) voltage may be nominally 1.2 volts and the V₁ voltage may be nominally 3.3 volts. However, the voltages may be varied in other implementations. The V_(dd) voltage may depend, at least in part, on the process technology used to form the transistors within PLL 10. The V₁ voltage may depend on the process technology as well as external interface demands.

Since the V_(dd) and V₁ voltages are noisy, they may be unsuitable for powering certain blocks of the PLL 10. Specifically, the charge pump 18 and the VCO 20 may be sensitive to power supply noise, and may function less accurately in the presence of power supply noise. Accordingly, these blocks are supplied with a regulated voltage from the voltage regulator 12 (specifically, V_(reg1)). In one embodiment described below, the voltage regulator 12 provides regulated voltages with a power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) greater than 40 decibels (dB), while prior voltage regulators in such contexts may have been limited to a PSRR of about 25 dB. The PSRR achieved by various embodiments of the voltage regulator 12 may vary depending upon which features of the voltage regulator as illustrated in FIG. 6 below are implemented, tradeoffs in the voltage regulator design even if the features are implemented, etc. The voltage regulator 12 may provide two regulated voltages (V_(reg2) and V_(reg1), which may be equal in the illustrated embodiment). The second regulated voltage (V_(reg2)) supplies the level shifter 16.

The level shifter 16 may serve as a noise reduction device in addition to shifting the Up and Down signals from V_(dd) voltage swings to V_(reg) voltage swings. The Up and Down signals provided by the PFD 14 may be noisy, as they are generated in the noisy V_(dd) voltage domain. The level shifter 16 passes these signals through various active devices (e.g. transistors) and thus the noise level is attenuated in the active devices. Accordingly, the Up and Down signals presented to the charge pump 18 may be less noisy and thus may enhance the accuracy of the charge pump 18 and the VCO 20.

Both the loop filter 28 and the charge pump 18 may be programmable through configuration register 32. The charge pump 18 is programmed by changing the reference current I_(ref) supplied to the charge pump 18 (e.g. by the current generator 30 in the illustrated embodiment). In one embodiment, the current generator 30 may be supplied by the V_(reg1) voltage as well (or the V_(reg2) voltage, if desired). The loop filter 28 may be programmed by changing the resistor and capacitor values therein. An exemplary loop filter is illustrated in FIG. 2 below.

By adjusting the loop filter 28 and the charge pump 18, the damping, loop bandwidth and lock time of the PLL 10 may be adjusted for a given operating range. Thus, the PLL 10 may be optimized for a selected operating range in a given device, and thus the flexibility of the PLL 10 over a large operating range may be enhanced. As an example, increasing the reference current I_(ref) may increase the rate at which the charge pump 18 may vary the V_(Ctl) voltage, and thus may decrease the lock time of the PLL 10 while decreasing the damping of the loop. Varying the loop filter parameters may change which low and high frequencies of the V_(Ctrl) voltage are filtered out. These modifications may affect the lock time, damping, loop bandwidth, and jitter as well.

It is noted that, while the configuration register 32 is illustrated in proximity to the other elements of the PLL 10, the configuration register 32 may be located elsewhere. For example, in one embodiment, the PLL 10 may be included in a system on a chip design which integrates the PLL 10 with one or more processors, memory, bus bridges, etc. The configuration register 32 may be located in one of the processors, and the values stored therein may be transmitted to the PLL 10. Furthermore, other methods for programming the charge pump 18 and the loop filter 28 may be used. For example, pins on the integrated circuit including the PLL 10 may be set to appropriate voltages to provide the selected values. A combination of pins and configuration register values may also be used.

The PLL 10 may be a low power design. For example, by operating the VCO 20 with a V_(reg1) supply voltage instead of the higher V₁ voltage, the voltage swings of the oscillator within the VCO 20 may be limited to a maximum of approximately V_(reg1), thus reducing the power consumed in the VCO 20 as compared to a VCO supplied by the V₁ voltage. Additionally, in one implementation, current mirrors within the charge pump 18 and the VCO 20 may be implemented without cascoding (which may increases the device count and thus may lead to increased the power dissipation). Additionally, for VCO 20, cascoding the current mirrors reduces the maximum voltage that may be applied to the ring oscillator and thus would reduce the maximum output frequency of the VCO 20. Cascoded current mirrors are typically used to improve the operation of the current mirrors as current sources by attenuating supply noise. The non-cascoded current mirrors may provide acceptable current source operation since the voltage regulator 12 and the level shifter 16 operate to minimize the noise experienced by the charge pump 18 and the VCO 20. Still further, non-cascoded structures may more readily allow for transistors to remain in saturation, which may improve the performance of the transistors. Additionally, self-biasing may be used to ensure that voltages referenced to the V_(dd) and/or V₁ voltages track changes in those voltages properly.

The voltage regulator 12 provides the PLL 10 with supply decoupling from the V₁ power supply. Additionally, in one implementation, the PLL 10 may employ relatively large decoupling capacitance on critical nodes. For example, large decoupling capacitances may be provided on the V_(reg2) and V_(reg1) nodes. These capacitances may cause a corresponding variation on the V_(reg2) and V_(reg1) nodes in response to ground variations (“ground bounce”), thus preserving the V_(reg2)/V_(reg1) to ground potential. Furthermore, these decoupling capacitances may substantially reduce the effect of supply variations (“supply bounce”) on the corresponding nodes.

The PFD 14 generally compares the frequency and phase of the clock output by the divide by N circuit 26 to the reference clock CLK_(ref). If the phase of the clock output of the divide by N circuit 26 lags the phase of the reference clock, the PFD 14 activates the Up signal during the lagging period. If the phase of the clock output of the divide by N circuit 26 leads the phase of the reference clock, the PFD 14 activates the Down signal during the lagging period. Any suitable design may be used for the PFD 14, although in one embodiment a dual D flip flop design is used.

As mentioned above, the level shifter level shifts the Up and Down outputs of the PFD 14 from the V_(dd) voltage to the V_(reg) voltage. These level-shifted Up and Down signals (Up_(vreg) and Down_(vreg), respectively) are applied to the charge pump 18. In response to an active Up signal, the charge pump 18 increases the charge on the output node, thus increasing V_(Ctrl). In response to an active Down signal, the charge pump 18 decreases the charge on the output node, thus decreasing V_(Ctrl). Increasing V_(Ctrl) causes the VCO 20 to increase its output frequency, while decreasing V_(Ctrl) causes the VCO 20 to decrease its output frequency.

It is noted that the Up and Down signals may be activated, or considered to be active, at either a high voltage or a low voltage. In the embodiment of the charge pump 18 illustrated in FIG. 3 below, the Up and Down signals are activated at a high (V_(reg1)) voltage (and deactivated at a low, or Gnd, voltage). Additionally, in some embodiments such as the one illustrated in FIG. 3 below, the charge pump 18 may use both the true and complement of the Up and Down signals. The complement may be generated by the charge pump 18, the level shifter 16, or the PFD 14, as desired. In this context, a first signal is a “complement” of a second signal if the first signal carries a voltage representing an opposite binary state to the voltage carried by the second signal.

The VCO 20 includes an output circuit which provides a full Vdd swing on the clock output from the VCO 20. This output clock is then divided by 2 (in frequency) by the divide by 2 circuit 22 (thus producing PLL output clock Out1). The second divide by 2 circuit 24 divides the frequency by two again (thus producing PLL output clock Out2, which is also fed back to the divide by N circuit 26). Accordingly, Out1 is 2N times the frequency of CLK_(ref) and Out1 is N times the frequency of CLK_(ref) (once the PLL 10 has locked to CLK_(ref).) Other embodiments may produce only one output clock, or more output clocks, and each output clock may be any multiple of the frequency of the clock reference CLK_(ref) using appropriate divide circuits in place of circuits 22, 24, and 26. As used herein, the term “signal swing” refers to a range of voltages which a signal may take on.

It is noted that, while specific embodiments of the loop filter 28, the charge pump 18, the VCO 20, and the voltage regulator 12 are illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3, 5, and 6 below (respectively), other embodiments may use any circuit for each of these elements of PLL 10, in other embodiments. Furthermore, any combination of the embodiments shown in FIGS. 2, 3, 5 and 6 along with conventional embodiments of other elements may be used.

As used herein, the term “power supply” refers to a node which is supplied, during use, with a relatively stable voltage. Thus, in many contexts, the ground node is a power supply node according to this definition, as well as nodes labeled, e.g., V₁, V_(reg1), V_(reg2), V_(dd), etc. Thus, coupling to a power supply refers to coupling to the node supplied with the corresponding voltage, during use. Furthermore, references to coupling to a voltage (including ground, or Gnd) or to a voltage supply herein should be interpreted as coupling to the corresponding power supply.

As used herein, a “current mirror” is a circuit having an input for receiving a current and at least one output. The current mirror provides a current on the output which is proportional to the input current. The output current may approximately equal the input current if the transistors forming the current mirror are matched.

Turning next to FIG. 2, a block diagram of one embodiment of the loop filter 28 is shown. Other embodiments are possible and contemplated. In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the loop filter 28 includes a programmable resistor R₁ in series with a programmable capacitor C₁, the series connection coupled between the output node of the charge pump 18 (the V_(Ctrl) voltage node) and ground, and a programmable capacitor C₂ in parallel with the series connection of R₁ and C₁. In the illustrated embodiment, the loop filter 28 is programmable in response to configuration register values from the configuration register 32.

In the embodiment of FIG. 2, each of the filter components are programmable, providing a high degree of flexibility. Other embodiments may employ fewer programmable components (e.g. only R₁ and C₂ may be programmable), as desired.

The programmable components may be realized in any suitable fashion. For example, R₁ may comprise two or more resistor elements in any series and/or parallel connection. Each resistor element may be shorted (series connection) or disconnected (parallel connection) via a switch which may be controlled by the configuration register value from the configuration register 32. Similarly, each capacitor may comprise one or more capacitor elements in any series and/or parallel connection, and each capacitor element may be shorted (series connection) or disconnected (parallel connection) via a switch which may be controlled by the configuration register value from the configuration register 32.

In one implementation, the register R₁ may be programmable in the range of 0 to 33.2 kilo-ohms (kohms), in steps of 8.3 kohms (under worst case process conditions, or 25.0 kohms in steps of 6.25 kohms nominally); the capacitor C₁ may be implemented as a parallel combination of 4 capacitors (each included or excluded programmably) having capacitances of approximately 20 picoFarads, 20 picoFarads, 10 picoFarads, and 5 picoFarads, respectively; and the capacitor C₂ may be implemented as a parallel combination of a capacitor of approximately 1.25 picoFarads and a capacitor programmably included or excluded and of approximately 0.5 picoFarads. In one specific implementation, the resistor may be implemented of P+ polysilicon material using a unit cell approach, where each unit cell is approximately 1.184 kohms. The array of unit cells may be surrounded by dummy cells. The dimensions of the polysilicon may be material and/or process dependent, as is known to those of skill in the art. Alternatively, transistors may be used to construct the resistors. The capacitors may, in one implementation, be constructed from transistors with the gate terminal coupled as one capacitor input and the source and drain terminals and the bulk terminal shorted to the other capacitor terminal (e.g. ground).

Turning next to FIG. 3, a circuit diagram of one embodiment of the charge pump 18 is shown. Other embodiments are possible and contemplated. In FIG. 3 and other circuit diagrams herein, PMOS transistors are illustrated with an arrow pointing into the transistor on the source terminal (e.g. transistor M_(d1) is a PMOS transistor) and NMOS transistors are illustrated with an arrow pointing out of the transistor on the source terminal (e.g. transistor M_(d4) is an NMOS transistor). Each of the NMOS and PMOS transistors include a gate terminal, a source terminal, and a drain terminal.

In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the charge pump 18 includes current mirroring transistors M_(m1), M_(m2), and M_(m3) which serve to provide a current proportional to the reference current I_(ref) through transistors M_(c1) and M_(c2) as up and down currents I_(up) and I_(down), respectively. The current mirror is non-cascoded. Additionally, the charge pump 18 includes a series connection of transistors M_(d1), M_(s1), M_(d2), and M_(c2) between the V_(Ctrl) output node and the V_(reg1) power supply. The source and drain terminals of the M_(d1) and M_(d2) transistors are shorted. Coupled between the drain terminal of the M_(s1) transistor (and the source terminal of the M_(c1) transistor) and the Ground (Gnd) is the transistor M_(x). The gate terminals of the M_(d1) and M_(d2) transistors are coupled to the Up signal, and the gate terminals of the M_(s1) and M_(x) transistors are coupled to the complement of the Up signal (referred to as “Up bar” herein and shown as the word “Up” with a bar over it in FIG. 3). Shown in dotted form between the source terminal of the M_(c1) transistor and the V_(reg1) power supply is a parasitic capacitance C_(p1). The parasitic capacitance C_(p1) represents the total capacitance present at the source of transistor M_(c1). The parasitic capacitance C_(p1) may include the source to supply parasitic capacitance of transistors M_(c1), M_(s1), and M_(d2), as well as the drain to supply parasitic capacitance of transistors M_(d2) and M_(x). Additionally, the capacitance may be affected by the gate to drain parasitic capacitance of M_(s1) and the gate to source parasitic capacitance of M_(c1). The gate terminal of the transistor M_(c1) is coupled to the gate terminal of transistor M_(m3).

Furthermore, the charge pump 18 includes a series connection of transistors M_(c2), M_(d3), M_(s2), and M_(d4) between the V_(Ctrl) output node and Gnd. The source and drain terminals of the M_(d3) and M_(d4) transistors are shorted. Coupled between the drain terminal of the M_(s2) transistor (and the source terminal of the M_(c2) transistor) and the V_(reg1) power supply is the transistor M_(y). The gate terminals of the M_(d3) and M_(d4) transistors are coupled to the complement of the Down signal (referred to as “Down bar” herein and shown as the word “Down” with a bar over it in FIG. 3), and the gate terminals of the M_(s2) and M_(y) transistors are coupled to the Down signal. Shown in dotted form between the source terminal of the M_(c2) transistor and Gnd is the parasitic capacitance C_(p2). The parasitic capacitance C_(p2) represents the total capacitance present at the source of transistor M_(c2).

The parasitic capacitance C_(p1) may include the source to supply parasitic capacitance of transistors M_(c2), M_(s2), and M_(d3), as well as the drain to supply parasitic capacitance of transistors M_(d3) and M_(y). Additionally, the capacitance may be affected by the gate to drain parasitic capacitance of M_(s2) and the gate to source parasitic capacitance of M_(c2). The gate terminal of the transistor M_(c2) is coupled to the gate terminal of transistor M_(m2). Additionally shown in dotted form are the parasitic drain to gate capacitance of transistor M_(s2) (C_(p3)) and the parasitic drain to gate and source to gate capacitances (C_(p3)/2) of transistor M_(d3). It is noted that transistors M_(s1), and M_(d2) have similar parasitic capacitances as transistors M_(s2) and M_(d3), respectively, not shown in FIG. 3.

Finally, the charge pump 18 includes: (i) a set of transistors similar in connection to M_(d1), M_(s1), M_(d2), M_(c2), and M_(x) except the gate terminals are connected to Down or Down bar (as shown in FIG. 3) and the drain terminal of the transistor similar to M_(c2) is connected to a V_(dummy) node (reference numeral 40); and (ii) a set of transistors similar in connection to M_(c2), M_(d3), M_(s2), M_(d4), and M_(y) except the gate terminals are connected to Up or Up bar (as shown in FIG. 3) and the drain terminal of the transistor similar to M_(c1) is connected to the V_(dummy) node (reference numeral 42).

Generally, transistors M_(c1) and M_(c2) are the current devices in the charge pump 18, providing the I_(up) and I_(down) currents (respectively) to the output node V_(Ctrl). The transistors M_(s1) and M_(s2) are the switching transistors used to switch the currents on and off responsive to the Up and Down signals, respectively. The switching of transistors frequently generates noise which may disturb the output of the charge pump 18, and thus reduce its accuracy and effectiveness. For example, when a transistor is switched from on (conducting) to off (not conducting), charge injection may occur. Generally speaking, charge injection occurs if charge in the channel of the switching transistor does not recombine in the channel when the switching transistor is switched to the off state. This charge travels out of the channel onto the source and/or drain nodes of the switching transistor, changing the voltage on these nodes. Since this voltage change is unintentional, the change represents error (noise) and may affect the output voltage V_(Ctrl). Additionally, since the Up and Down signals may transition rapidly to active and inactive states, clock feedthrough (charge transmitted from the gate to the drain or source of the transistor via the parasitic capacitances between the gate and the drain or source) may occur, which also represents error.

The switching transistors M_(s1) and M_(s2) are placed on the source side of the current transistors M_(c1) and M_(c2) (i.e. the side opposite the output node V_(Ctrl)). Accordingly, any switching error which may occur in switching transistors M_(s1) and M_(s2) is attenuated through M_(c1) and M_(c2). As described in more detail below, the charge pump 18 includes several mechanisms for reducing switching error from transistors M_(s1) and M_(s2). Any switching error not removed via these mechanisms may be attenuated, further reducing its effect on the output node V_(Ctrl).

The mechanisms used in the charge pump 18 for reduction of charge injection errors and clock feedthrough errors will be described next with respect to transistors M_(s2), M_(d3), and M_(d4). Similar operation occurs with respect to transistors M_(s1), M_(d1), and M_(d2) (although the voltages that cause switching on and off differ since transistors M_(s1), M_(d1), and M_(d2) are PMOS transistors while transistors M_(s2), M_(d3), and M_(d4) are NMOS transistors).

Transistors M_(d3) and M_(d4) have gate terminals coupled to the complement of the signal on the gate terminal of transistor M_(s2). In the illustrated embodiment, for example, the Down signal is received at the gate terminal of transistor M_(s2), while the Down bar signal is received at the gate of transistors M_(d3) and M_(d4). Accordingly, during times that transistor M_(s2) is being switched on (Down transitioning to a V_(reg1) voltage), transistors M_(d3) and M_(d4) are being switched off (Down bar transitioning to a Gnd voltage) and vice versa.

The aforementioned structure may reduce charge injection error. When M_(s2) is being switched off, and injecting charge onto its drain and/or source, M_(d3) and M_(d4) are being switched on. Thus, the channels of M_(d3) and M_(d4) acquire charge during approximately the same time period that transistor M_(s2) is injecting charge. The injected charge (are a large portion thereof) may be drawn into the channels of M_(d3) and M_(d4) as these channels acquire charge, thus reducing the amount of charge actually injected onto the drain and source nodes of transistor M_(s2).

The transistors M_(d3) and M_(d4) may be carefully sized with respect to transistor M_(s2) in order to reduce the charge injection error appropriately. If the transistors are not sized appropriately, the charge injection reduction may not be minimized or may be overcompensated (making the effective charge injection negative). The assumption may be made that approximately half of the charge injected by transistor M_(s2) is injected onto the source and the remaining charge injected by transistor M_(s2) onto the drain. According, transistors M_(d3) and M_(d4) may be sized approximately half of the size of transistor M_(s2), thus being capable of drawing the ½ charge injection from the corresponding source or drain terminal of transistor M_(s2). The mobility of the devices affects the amount of charge injection (since the mobility may affect the recombination of charge in the channel), and the mobility may be factored into the sizing of the transistors M_(d3) and M_(d4). For example, the transistors M_(d3) and M_(d4) may be sized plus or minus 10% of ½ the size of transistor M_(s2).

It is noted that the “size” of a transistor may be the ratio of the channel width to the channel length. Thus, a first transistor may be ½ the size of a second transistor if the ratio of the channel width and channel length of the first transistor is ½ the ratio of the channel width and channel length of the second transistor. In general, the channel length of the transistors may nominally be the same for most of the transistors in FIG. 3. Particularly, it may be desirable for the channel length of transistors M_(s1), M_(s2), M_(d1), M_(d2), M_(d3), and M_(d4) to be nominally the same since charge injection is related to the transit time across the channel.

The structure of transistors M_(s2), M_(d3), and M_(d4) may also reduce clock feedthrough error. Illustrated in FIG. 3 is the gate to drain parasitic capacitance of transistor M_(s2) (C_(p3)) as well as the gate to drain and gate to source parasitic capacitance of transistor M_(d3) (C_(p3)/2 each). The parasitic capacitances of transistor M_(d3) are approximately ½ the parasitic capacitance of transistor M_(s2). Additionally, since the source and drain terminals of transistor M_(d3) are shorted, the parasitic capacitances are in parallel. Accordingly, the sum of the parasitic capacitances of transistor M_(d3) is approximately C_(p3).

Since the gate terminal of transistor M_(d3) receives the complement of the signal on the gate terminal of transistor M_(s2), the clock feedthrough from transistor M_(d3) to the drain of transistor M_(s2) (through a total parasitic capacitance of C_(p3)) may be approximately the same as the clock feedthrough from transistor M_(s2) to the drain of transistor M_(s2), but of the opposite polarity. Summing these two clock feedthrough errors may produce a total clock feedthrough error on the drain of transistor M_(s2) of approximately zero, thereby reducing the clock feedthrough error. A similar discussion applies to the gate to source and drain parasitic capacitances of transistor M_(d4) and the gate to source parasitic capacitance of transistor M_(s2) (and to the transistors M_(d1), M_(d2), and M_(s2)).

It is desirable to match the currents I_(up) and I_(down) so that equal width pulses of the Up and Down signals produce equal charge transferred to or drawn from the V_(Ctrl) output node (respectively). The transistors M_(c1) and M_(c2) may be sized similarly to nominally provide the same current. Some effects (such as channel length modulation, drain induced barrier loading (DIBL), etc.) can temporarily affect this balance and thus contribute to error on the V_(Ctrl) output node. Many of these effects can be reduced by increasing the channel length of the M_(c1) and M_(c2) transistors (i.e. these transistors may not have the minimum channel length in a given process technology). For example, in one specific implementation, a ratio of the channel length of transistors M_(c1) and M_(c2) to the other transistors (which may have the minimum channel length for the process) may be in the range of approximately 3-7, and preferably about 5.6, although other ratios may be used. However, increasing the channel length (and the diffusion area width) of these devices leads to larger parasitic capacitances (e.g. the parasitic capacitance C_(p2) between the source of transistor M_(c2) and ground and the parasitic capacitance C_(p1) between the source of transistor M_(c1) and V_(reg1)). The parasitic capacitances C_(p1) and C_(p2) may act to cause additional current to flow through transistors M_(c1) and M_(c2), respectively, after the corresponding switch M_(s1) and M_(s2) has switched off the current flow. This additional current flow is a source of error in the output voltage V_(Ctrl). The larger parasitic capacitances may also require larger switch transistors M_(s1) and M_(s2) to switch the parasitic capacitances, which may exacerbate clock feedthrough and charge injection errors.

The charge pump 18 employs an active shutoff of the current transistors M_(c1) and M_(c2) using transistors M_(x) and M_(y), respectively. The active turnoff of M_(c2) by transistor M_(y) will be described, and the active turnoff of M_(c1) by transistor M_(x) may be similar, with an appropriate change in polarities of voltages to account for the different transistor types.

Transistor M_(y) is a PMOS transistor coupled between the V_(reg1) power supply and the source of transistor M_(c2). When transistor M_(s2) switches off in response to the down signal switching to a ground voltage, transistor M_(y) activates and actively charges the source of M_(c2) to the V_(reg1) voltage. This quick charging of the source of transistor M_(c2) ensures that, regardless of the gate voltage of transistor M_(c2) (which is less than or equal to V_(reg1)), the current flow through M_(c2) stops quickly.

Another source of mismatch in the I_(up) and I_(down) currents for a given Up or Down signal pulse width may be the uneven loading of the Up and Down signals. By providing the sets of transistors illustrated at reference numerals 40 and 42, the load on the Up and Down signals may be balanced. For example, the Up signal is coupled to the gates of transistors M_(d1), M_(d2), a transistor similar to M_(s2) and a transistor similar to M_(y). The Down signal is coupled to the gates of a transistor similar to M_(d1), a transistor similar to M_(d2), transistor M_(s2), and transistor M_(y). Accordingly, over process variation and process mismatch, the Up and Down signals should be approximately evenly loaded (and thus edge rates on these signals may be approximately equal). Transistors are said to be similar in this context if the transistors are nominally matched in characteristics (e.g. the same diffusion area width, channel length, etc.).

As mentioned above, transistors M_(m1), M_(m2), and M_(m3) comprise current mirroring for mirroring the reference current I_(ref) to the I_(up) and I_(down) currents of M_(c1) and M_(c2). A non-cascoded current mirror is used in this embodiment, which may reduce power consumption, increase headroom, and ease the task of keeping transistors in saturation. The noise suppression may be provided via the level shifter and voltage regulator, as described above. Other embodiments may employ cascoding of the current mirrors (e.g. for use in embodiments not having the voltage regulator of FIG. 1 or having a different voltage regulator).

FIG. 4 is a timing diagram further illustrating the operation of transistors M_(s2), M_(d3), M_(d4), and M_(y) for an exemplary set of transitions of the Down and Down bar signals. The Down and Down bar signals are represented by waveforms 50 and 52, respectively.

When Down transitions from high to low, charge injection may occur from transistor M_(s2) (arrow 54). However, at approximately the same time the down bar signal transitions from low to high, activating transistors M_(d3) and M_(d4.) Thus, these transistors may draw charge (including the injected charge), offsetting the injected charge (arrow 56).

The clock feedthrough from Down and Down bar is also shown in FIG. 4 (wave forms 58 and 60. Each of wave forms 58 and 60 is shown having approximately the same amplitude (A), since the Down and Down bar signals have the same swing and the parasitic capacitance through which they travel is approximately the same. Since the wave forms 58 and 60 have opposite polarities, the voltages sum to approximately zero at any given point (e.g. arrows 62 and 64).

Finally, a wave form 66 is illustrated in FIG. 4 illustrating an exemplary voltage on the node between the transistor M_(s2) and the transistor M_(c2). The voltage may have some value between V_(reg1) and ground while the transistor M_(s2) is on, but than rapidly transitions to V_(reg1) when the transistor M_(s2) is turned off. The rapid transition occurs in response to the transistor M_(y) actively charging the node.

Turning next to FIG. 5, a circuit diagram of one embodiment of the VCO 20 is shown. Other embodiments are possible and contemplated. In the embodiment of FIG. 5, the VCO 20 includes an input transistor M_(i1), a current mirror including transistors M_(m4), M_(m5), and M_(m6), a ring oscillator 70, an output amplifier 72, an inverter 74, and a self-biasing circuit 76. The input transistor Mil has a gate terminal coupled to receive the V_(Ctrl) voltage and is coupled between the current mirror and ground. The current mirror transistor M_(m5) is coupled to the V_(reg1) power supply and to the power supply terminal for the inverters in the ring oscillator 70. The current mirror transistor M_(m6) is coupled between the V_(reg1) voltage and to the power supply terminal of the inverter 74. A first input to the amplifier 72 is coupled to the output of the ring oscillator 70. The output of the ring oscillator 70 is also coupled to the input of the inverter 74, which is coupled to the second input of the amplifier 72. The self-biasing circuit 76 provides a bias voltage to the amplifier 76, generated from the V_(dd) power supply. The output of the amplifier 72 is coupled to a pair of series-coupled inverters 78.

Generally, the input transistor M_(i1) develops a current in response to the V_(Ctrl) voltage input to the gate terminal. The current mirror transistor M_(m4) mirrors the current to the current mirror transistors M_(m5) and M_(m6). The transistor M_(m) provides charge to the power supply terminals of the inverters in the ring oscillator 70. Thus, as the current in the transistor M_(m5) increases (reflecting an increase in the control voltage V_(Ctrl)), the power supply to the ring oscillator 70 increases and thus the oscillation frequency of the VCO 20 increases. Similarly, as the current in the transistor M_(m5) decreases, the oscillation frequency of the VCO 20 decreases. However, the signal swing of the ring oscillator 70 varies with the supply voltage as well, and may be small.

The output amplifier 72 is a differential amplifier providing an amplified, non-differential output to the output buffers 78. The output buffers 78 complete the transition of the output signal to a full V_(dd) swing. Since the output swing of the ring oscillator 70 is between ground and a voltage which may be small (the power supply voltage provided by the transistor M_(m5)), the amplifier employs PMOS input transistors (which react to low voltages well). The amplifier requires a differential input, however, and the combination of the inverter 74 supplied with a power supply through transistor M_(m6) in combination with the output of the ring oscillator 70 may closely approximate a differential input. If an inverter powered by the V_(reg1) power supply were used to provide the second input, the swing of the output signal of that inverter would not match the output of the ring oscillator 70. On the other hand, the power supply voltage for the inverter 74 may be close to the power supply voltage of the ring oscillator 70. Accordingly, although the output of the inverter 74 is slightly delayed with respect to the output of the ring oscillator 70, the output of the inverter 74 may more closely be a complement of output of the ring oscillator 70. Accordingly, the common mode noise rejection of the VCO 20 may be improved using the structure shown in FIG. 5.

It is noted that, in one implementation, the size of transistor M_(m6) may be approximately ⅓ the size of the transistor M_(m5) to provide approximately the same power supply voltage for the inverter 74 and the ring oscillator 70. Other embodiments may change to size ratio to match the number of inverters in the ring oscillator 70. For example, if an embodiment of the ring oscillator 70 includes 5 inverters, the transistor M_(m6) may be approximately ⅕ the size of the transistor M_(m5).

The self-biasing circuit 76 operates to provide a bias voltage for amplifier 72 which is a relatively constant ratio of V_(dd) over the range of values that V_(dd) may take on (especially due to switching noise, etc.) and over the range of process variation, operating temperature, etc. The ratio of the bias voltage to V_(dd) is set by the ratio of the sizes of each transistor in self-biasing circuit 76. The self-biasing may help ensure a gain in the amplifier 72 over the range of V_(dd) values which may be experienced during operation.

Additionally, the VCO 20 includes a non-cascoded current mirror including transistors M_(m4), M_(m5), and M_(m6). Use of the non-cascoded current mirror (similar to the charge pump 18) allows for power consumption reduction and saturation of devices, as mentioned before. Furthermore, the non-cascoded current mirror results in a lower voltage drop between V_(reg1), and the power supply to the ring oscillator 70, allowing a wider range of operation for the ring oscillator 70 than in cascoded current mirroring were used.

It is noted that, while the ring oscillator 70 illustrated in FIG. 5 is shown as three series coupled inverters (with the output of the last inverter connected to the input of the first inverter), any odd number of inverters may be used. Furthermore, if fully differential oscillator stages are used, an even number of stages may be used. As used herein, the term “power supply terminal” refers to a terminal of a circuit designed to be connected to a power supply. In the ring oscillator 70 and inverter 74, the power supply terminal is coupled to another device to allow the voltage supplied, during use, to be varied.

Turning next to FIG. 6, a circuit diagram of one embodiment of the voltage regulator 12 is shown. Other embodiments are possible and contemplated. In the embodiment of FIG. 6, the voltage regulator 12 includes transistors M_(sf1), M_(sf2), and M_(sf3) coupled in a source follower configuration. Each of the transistors M_(sf1), M_(sf2), and M_(sf3) have a gate terminal coupled to a node between a resistor coupled to the V₁ power supply and capacitor coupled to ground (e.g. the gate terminal of the transistor M_(sf1) is coupled to the node between the resistor R₃ and the capacitor C₄). A bandgap generator 80 is used to generate a reference voltage, and an output transistor 82 is coupled to receive the reference voltage and provide it to an operational amplifier (op-amp) 84. The output transistor 82 is coupled to the transistor M_(sf3) as well, and a decoupling capacitor C_(Dec) is coupled between transistor 82 and ground. The op-amp 84 amplifies the reference voltage from the bandgap generator 80 to produce the first regulated voltage V_(reg1) to be output by the voltage regulator 12. The output of the op-amp 84 passes through the common source transistor C_(cs1) to the output V_(reg1) and to an input of a second op-amp 86. The output voltage V_(reg1) is passed though a feedback network to the second input of the op-amp 84, where the ratio of the resistors in the feedback network, in conjunction with the gain of op-amp 84, divides the desired output voltage V_(reg1) back down to the reference voltage output from the bandgap generator 80. For example, the reference voltage may be 1.2 volts and the output voltage V_(reg1) may be 2.0 volts. Additionally, a transistor M_(x1) is coupled between the V_(reg1) output node and ground, and has its gate terminal coupled to the output node of the op-amp 84 (the gate terminal of the transistor M_(cs1)). A capacitor C_(f1) is coupled between the V_(reg1) output node and the output of the op-amp 84. Finally, a decoupling capacitor C_(Dec) is coupled between the V_(reg1) output node and ground. The second op-amp 86 is connected in a unity gain configuration (the feedback network is a wire) and employs an output transistor M_(cs2) coupled between the transistor M_(sf2) and the V_(reg2) output node of the voltage regulator 12. Alternatively, the second op-amp 86 may be coupled in the same fashion as op-amp 84 and in parallel with op-amp 84 to produce the V_(reg2) voltage on the V_(reg2) output node. Similar to the V_(reg1) output node, a decoupling capacitor C_(Dec) is coupled between the V_(reg2) output node and ground, a transistor M_(x2) is coupled between the V_(reg2) output node and ground with a gate terminal coupled to the output of the op-amp 86, and a capacitor C_(f2) is coupled between the V_(reg2) output node and the output of the op-amp 86. The gate terminals of transistors M_(sf1) and M_(sf2) are further coupled to a power-up control circuit 88.

The source follower transistors M_(sf1), M_(sf2), and M_(sf3) are used to provide current to the output transistors M_(cs1), M_(cs2), and 82, respectively. Generally, the source follower connection provides a low output impedance (the output being the terminal of the transistor M_(sf1), M_(sf2), and M_(sf3) coupled to the output transistor M_(cs1), M_(cs2), and 82, respectively), and thus the source follower connection may be an good voltage source. The transistors M_(sf1), M_(sf2), and M_(sf3) may be sensitive to noise on the V₁ power supply, particularly noise transmitted to the gate terminals of these transistors. The resistor/capacitor series connection with the gate terminal of these transistors coupled to the node connecting the resistor and the capacitor forms a low pass filter which may limit the amount of noise from the V₁ power supply which is transmitted to the gate terminal of the corresponding transistor. The low pass filter effectively decouples the gate terminal from the V₁ power supply and couples the gate terminal to ground through the capacitor within the low pass filter. In one implementation, for example, using a resistance of 5 Mega-ohms and a capacitance of 100 picoFarads, at least 15 dB of noise rejection may be experienced. In this manner, the transistors M_(sf1), M_(sf2), and M_(sf3) may act as better current sources even in the presence of noise. However, other embodiments of the voltage regulator 12 may not employ the resistor/capacitor connections to the gate of the source follower transistors, as desired, opting for a more conventional source follower connection or diode configuration.

While a low pass filter is used in the illustrated embodiment, any filter could be used depending on the frequencies of noise desired to be filtered. Furthermore, a combination of filters may be used.

Having the source follower transistors M_(sf1), M_(sf2), and M_(sf3) in series with another device may also limit the amount of voltage available below the series connection. Connecting a source follower to the V₁ power supply may induce body effect in the source follower transistors, which increases the threshold voltage of the transistors and thus the voltage drop across the transistors. If the voltage drop across the source follower transistors increases, there is less remaining voltage (between the voltage at the output of the source follower and ground) available for use in the remaining circuits (and, in the case of the transistors M_(sf1) and M_(sf2), less voltage available for output as V_(reg1) and V_(reg2)). In one example, V₁ is 3.3 volts and V_(reg1)/V_(reg2) is 2.0 volts, leaving only 1.3 volts for drops across M_(sf1) and M_(sf2) and the corresponding series devices M_(cs1) and M_(cs2).

The body effect in the transistors M_(sf1) and M_(sf2) may be offset (at least partially), by using transistors with lower threshold voltages for transistors M_(sf1) and M_(sf2). However, such transistors may also limit the voltages which may be tolerated between any two terminals. For example, in one implementation, the lower threshold transistors may be limited to 1.5 volts across any two terminals. During operation, the lower amount of voltage may not present a problem since most of the voltage between V₁ and ground is used for V_(reg1)/V_(reg2) (e.g. in the above example, 1.3 volts separate V₁ and V_(reg1)/V_(reg2)). During power up of the voltage regulator circuit 12, these transistors may be protected from over-voltage conditions using power-up control circuit 88. Particularly, the gate terminals of the transistors M_(sf1) and M_(sf2), during power up, may initially be zero volts (in the absence of power-up control circuit 88). As the power supply V₁ is powered to its operating level, the gate terminals of transistors M_(sf1) and M_(sf2) charge more slowly to the V₁ voltage level (at a rate determined by the RC time constant of the resistor and capacitor coupled to the gate terminals). Thus, during power up, the full V₁ voltage (or substantially the voltage, as the RC network charges) may be present between the gate and drain terminals of M_(sf1) and M_(sf2). Power-up control circuit 88 provides a voltage (V_(g1) and V_(g2) in FIG. 6) during power up to ensure that the over-voltage condition does not occur, protecting the M_(sf1) and M_(sf2) transistors. For example, in one embodiment, the power-up control circuit 88 may provide a V₁ voltage level at V_(g1) and V_(g2). An example of the power-up control circuit 88 is shown in FIG. 7 below. For embodiments in which the transistors M_(sf1) and M_(sf2) are not implemented with lower threshold voltages and/or voltage tolerances, the power-up control circuit 88 may be omitted.

As used herein, the term “power up” refers to the application of a power supply voltage or voltages to a circuit after a period of time in which the circuit has been unpowered by the voltages.

The transistors M_(x1) and M_(x2) are provided to maintain a relatively constant current load at the V_(reg1) and V_(reg2) output nodes, respectively (in other words, relatively constant current through transistors M_(cs1) and M_(cs2), respectively) even though the current demands of the PLL 10 generally vary during operation. By keeping the current through M_(cs1) and M_(cs2) relatively stable, the regulation of the V_(reg1) and V_(reg2) voltages may be improved as well as stability, phase margin, and frequency response. It may generally be easier to regulate a voltage for a relatively constant current load, or a current load that varies within a small range. In the context of the PLL 10, stabilizing the current load may have the most effect for output frequencies of the PLL 10 at the lower end of the operating range of PLL 10.

The operation of M_(x1) will be described, and the operation of M_(x2) may be similar in the context of V_(reg2) and M_(cs2). If the current flowing out of the voltage regulator 12 through the V_(reg1) terminal decreases, the voltage V_(reg1) tends to rise (since the current though M_(cs2) changes in proportion to its gate voltage, which hasn't yet changed). The increased voltage at V_(reg1) leads to an increased voltage at the positive input of the op-amp 84, which leads to an increase in the output voltage of the op-amp 84. The gate terminal of M_(x1) is coupled to the output of the op-amp 84, and is an NMOS transistor. Thus, as the output voltage of the op-amp 84 rises, the current in transistor M_(x1) increases. Accordingly, the current though transistor M_(x1) increases as the current traveling out of the V_(reg1) output node (to the PLL 10) decreases. Similarly, as the current traveling out of the V_(reg1) output node increases, the current through transistor M_(x1) decreases.

Viewed in another way, transistor M_(x1) is a current source which provides current inversely proportional to the current exiting the voltage regulator 12 through the V_(reg1) output node. Any current source providing such a current may be used, in other embodiments. Furthermore, other embodiments of the voltage regulator 12 may not employ the current sources such as the transistors M_(x1) and M_(x2), as desired.

It is noted that, while the common source connection of the output transistors M_(cs1) and M_(cs2) may exhibit a smaller voltage drop from the source of the transistors M_(sf1) and M_(sf2) to the output nodes V_(reg1) and V_(reg2) than a source follower connection, the output impedance may be higher. Decoupling capacitances C_(DeC) are included on each node, mitigating the effect of the higher output impedance. Each capacitance C_(DeC) may be of any suitable size, but one embodiment may employ approximately 0.6 nanoFarads (nF) of decoupling capacitance.

It is noted that the stability of the op-amp/common source output transistor circuit may be affected by the existence of a dominant pole in the frequency response at both the output node of the op-amp and the output of the common source stage. Compensation capacitors C_(f1) and C_(f2) may be used to improve the stability be separating the poles. A resistor may also be placed in series with each of the capacitors C_(f1) and C_(f2) to remove a right half-plane zero in the response.

It is further noted that the use of a low pass filter on the gate terminal of a source follower circuit for noise reduction may be used in other contexts than a voltage regulator. The circuit may be used in any circuitry in which noise rejection is desirable. Similarly, the power-up control circuit 88 may be used to establish a voltage on any node during power up in order to protect a circuit from damage.

It is still further noted that other embodiments of the voltage regulator 12 may employ any combination of the above highlighted features, as desired.

Turning next to FIG. 7, a block diagram of one embodiment of the power-up control circuit 88 is shown. Other embodiments are possible and contemplated. In the embodiment of FIG. 7, the power-up control circuit 88 includes a resistor 90 coupled in series with a capacitor 92 between the V₁ power supply and ground. The resistor may be implemented with transistors, in one embodiment, or with P+ poly, as desired. The gate terminal of a transistor 94 is coupled to the node between the resistor and the capacitor, and has a source coupled to the V₁ power supply and a drain coupled to the V_(g1) output. A similar circuit including a resistor 96, a capacitor 98 and a transistor 100 is also included, with the transistor 100 having a drain coupled to the V_(g2) output.

The circuit including the resistor 90, the capacitor 92, and transistor 94 will be described. The circuit including the resistor 96, the capacitor 98, and the transistor 100 operates similarly. During power up, the voltage on the V₁ power supply rapidly charges to the V₁ voltage. However, the gate terminal of the transistor 94 charges from ground at a rate determined by the time constant of the resistor 90 and the capacitor 92. Accordingly, the transistor 94 is turned on and charges the V_(g1) output node to V₁ rapidly. In this manner, the gate terminal of the transistor M_(sf1) is held at V₁ during power up, reducing the gate to drain voltage on the transistor M_(sf1) to a tolerable level. As the gate terminal of the transistor 94 charges to V₁, the transistor 94 turns off and thus the node V_(g1) is not actively charged by the power-up control circuit 88 during normal operation. Thus, the power-up control circuit 88 is active during a time period commencing at power up and ending at a later time determined by the time constant of resistor 90 and capacitor 92. The time period ends when the difference between the voltage of the gate terminal of the transistor 94 and the V₁ voltage is less than a threshold voltage of the transistor 94.

While the embodiment of FIG. 7 includes two circuits producing two output voltages, other embodiments may include more circuits. Furthermore, an embodiment in which one circuit is used to supply gate voltages to both M_(sf1) and M_(sf2) from a single output node is contemplated.

Turning now to FIG. 8, a block diagram of a gain boosted op-amp 110 is shown. Other embodiments are possible and contemplated. The gain boosted op-amp 110 may be used as the op-amp 84 and/or 86 in FIG. 6, as desired. Furthermore, gain boosting may not be implemented in other embodiments.

Generally, the transistors 112 and 114 are intended as constant current devices. However, if the voltage at nodes 116 and 118 changes during operation (due to the positive and negative differential input voltages In_p and In_n changing), then the current in the transistors 112 and 114 may change. The voltage at nodes 116 and 118 is fed back through circuit 120 to the gate terminals of transistors 122 and 124, respectively. The current through the transistors 122 and 124 may thereby be altered to keep the current through the transistors 112 and 114 approximately constant. The gain boosting may ensure some gain from op-amp 110 over a large range of input voltage, power supply voltage, process, temperature, etc.

Turning next to FIG. 9, a block diagram of a carrier medium 300 including a database representative of PLL 10 is shown. Generally speaking, a carrier medium may include storage media such as magnetic or optical media, e.g., disk or CD-ROM, volatile or non-volatile memory media such as RAM (e.g. SDRAM, RDRAM, SRAM, etc.), ROM, etc., as well as transmission media or signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, conveyed via a communication medium such as a network and/or a wireless link.

Generally, the database of PLL 10 carried on carrier medium 300 may be a database which can be read by a program and used, directly or indirectly, to fabricate the hardware comprising PLL 10. For example, the database may be a behavioral-level description or register-transfer level (RTL) description of the hardware functionality in a high level design language (HDL) such as Verilog or VHDL. The description may be read by a synthesis tool which may synthesize the description to produce a netlist comprising a list of gates from a synthesis library. The netlist comprises a set of gates which also represent the functionality of the hardware comprising PLL 10. The netlist may then be placed and routed to produce a data set describing geometric shapes to be applied to masks. The masks may then be used in various semiconductor fabrication steps to produce a semiconductor circuit or circuits corresponding to PLL 10. Alternatively, the database on carrier medium 300 may be the netlist (with or without the synthesis library) or the data set, as desired.

While carrier medium 300 carries a representation of PLL 10, other embodiments may carry a representation of any portion of PLL 10, as desired, including any combination of a voltage regulator 12, a charge pump 18, a VCO 20, a loop filter 28, a configuration register 32, a level shifter 16, a PFD 14, a current generator 30, and divide circuits 22, 24, and 26, etc. or portions thereof.

Numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A circuit comprising: a first transistor, a second transistor, and a third transistor coupled in series, wherein: (a) the first transistor includes a first terminal, a second terminal, and a first gate terminal; (b) the second transistor includes a third terminal, a fourth terminal, and a second gate terminal; and (c) the third transistor includes a fifth terminal, a sixth terminal, and a third gate terminal; wherein the first terminal, the second terminal, and the third terminal are directly connected to a first node; wherein the fourth terminal, the fifth terminal, and the sixth terminal are directly connected to a second node; wherein the second gate terminal is coupled to receive a first signal; and wherein the first gate terminal and the third gate terminal are coupled to receive a complement of the first signal; and a fourth transistor having a seventh terminal, an eighth terminal, and a fourth gate terminal, wherein the seventh terminal is coupled to the first node, the eighth terminal is coupled to a power supply, and the fourth gate terminal is coupled to receive the first signal.
 2. The circuit as recited in claim 1 further comprising a fifth transistor having a ninth terminal, a tenth terminal, and a fifth gate terminal, wherein the ninth terminal is coupled to the first node, and wherein the tenth terminal is coupled to a control voltage output node, and wherein the fifth gate terminal is controlled by a current mirror.
 3. The circuit as recited in claim 2 wherein the current mirror is non-cascoded.
 4. The circuit as recited in claim 2 wherein the first transistor, the second transistor, the third transistor, and the fifth transistor are a first type of transistor and the fourth transistor is a second type of transistor.
 5. The circuit as recited in claim 2 further comprising: a sixth transistor, a seventh transistor, and an eighth transistor coupled in series, wherein: (a) the sixth transistor includes an eleventh terminal, a twelfth terminal, and a sixth gate terminal; (b) the seventh transistor includes a thirteenth terminal, a fourteenth terminal, and a seventh gate terminal; and (c) the eighth transistor includes a fifteenth terminal, a sixteenth terminal, and an eighth gate terminal; wherein the eleventh terminal, the twelfth terminal, and the thirteenth terminal are connected to a third node; wherein the fourteenth terminal, the fifteenth terminal, and the sixteenth terminal are connected to a fourth node; wherein the seventh gate terminal is coupled to receive a second signal; and wherein the sixth gate terminal and the eighth gate terminal are coupled to receive a complement of the second signal; a ninth transistor having a seventeenth terminal, an eighteenth terminal, and a ninth gate terminal, wherein the seventeenth terminal is coupled to the fourth node, the eighteenth terminal is coupled to a second power supply, and the ninth gate terminal is coupled to receive the second signal; and a tenth transistor having a nineteenth terminal, a twentieth terminal, and a tenth gate terminal, wherein the nineteenth terminal is coupled to the fourth node, and wherein the twentieth terminal is coupled to the control voltage output node, and wherein the tenth gate terminal is controlled by a second current mirror.
 6. The circuit as recited in claim 5 wherein the second current mirror is non-cascoded and is coupled to the first current mirror.
 7. The circuit as recited in claim 5 wherein the sixth transistor, the seventh transistor, the eighth transistor, and the tenth transistor are a first type of transistor and the ninth transistor is a second type of transistor.
 8. The circuit as recited in claim 5 further comprising a first load circuit coupled between the second power supply and a dummy output node, the first load circuit providing a load matched to a load of the sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth transistors and coupled to receive the first signal and the complement of the first signal.
 9. The circuit as recited in claim 8 wherein the first load circuit comprises eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth transistors nominally matched to the sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth transistors respectively and connected the same as the sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth transistors, except that the gate terminals of the eleventh and thirteenth transistors are coupled to receive the first signal, the gate terminals of the twelfth and fourteenth transistors are coupled to receive the complement of the first signal, and the fifteenth transistor is coupled to the dummy output node instead of the control voltage output node.
 10. The circuit as recited in claim 8 further comprising a second load circuit coupled between the power supply and the dummy output node, the second load circuit providing a load matched to a load of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth transistors and coupled to receive the second signal and the complement of the second signal.
 11. The circuit as recited in claim 10 wherein the second load circuit comprises sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth transistors nominally matched to the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth transistors respectively and connected the same as the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth transistors, except that the gate terminals of the sixteenth and eighteenth transistors are coupled to receive the second signal, the gate terminals of the seventeenth and nineteenth transistors are coupled to receive the complement of the second signal, and the twentieth transistor is coupled to the dummy output node instead of the control voltage output node.
 12. The circuit as recited in claim 1 wherein a size of the first and third transistors is approximately ½ a size of the second transistor.
 13. A method comprising: activating a first transistor having a first terminal and a second terminal; deactivating the first transistor; concurrent with the activating a first transistor, deactivating a second transistor having a third terminal and a fourth terminal each directly connected to the first terminal and deactivating a third transistor having a fifth terminal and a sixth terminal each directly connected to the second terminal; concurrent with the deactivating the first transistor, activating the second transistor and the third transistor; and concurrent with the deactivating the first transistor, activating a fourth transistor having a seventh terminal coupled to the first terminal and an eighth terminal coupled to a power supply.
 14. The method as recited in claim 13 wherein a size of the second and third transistors is approximately ½ the size of the first transistor.
 15. The method as recited in claim 13 wherein the deactivating the second transistor, the deactivating the third transistor, the activating the second transistor, and the activating the third transistor reduce a clock feedthrough error of the first transistor in the activating the first transistor and the deactivating the first transistor.
 16. The method as recited in claim 13 wherein the deactivating the second transistor, the deactivating the third transistor, the activating the second transistor, and the activating the third transistor reduce a charge injection error of the first transistor in the activating the first transistor and the deactivating the first transistor.
 17. The method as recited in claim 13 wherein the activating the fourth transistor comprises actively turning off a fifth transistor having a ninth terminal coupled to the first terminal and a tenth terminal coupled to an output node.
 18. The method as recited in claim 17 wherein a fifth gate terminal of the fifth transistor is controlled by a current mirror.
 19. The method as recited in claim 18 wherein the current mirror in non-cascoded.
 20. A carrier medium comprising a database representing: a first transistor, a second transistor, and a third transistor coupled in series, wherein: (a) the first transistor includes a first terminal, a second terminal, and a first gate terminal; (b) the second transistor includes a third terminal, a fourth terminal, and a second gate terminal; and (c) the third transistor includes a fifth terminal, a sixth terminal, and a third gate terminal; wherein the first terminal, the second terminal, and the third terminal are directly connected to a first node; wherein the fourth terminal, the fifth terminal, and the sixth terminal are directly connected to a second node; wherein the second gate terminal is coupled to receive a first signal; and wherein the first gate terminal and the third gate terminal are coupled to receive a complement of the first signal; and a fourth transistor having a seventh terminal, an eighth terminal, and a fourth gate terminal, wherein the seventh terminal is coupled to the first node, the eighth terminal is coupled to a power supply, and the fourth gate terminal is coupled to receive the first signal.
 21. The carrier medium as recited in claim 20 wherein the database further represents a fifth transistor having a ninth terminal, a tenth terminal, and a fifth gate terminal, wherein the ninth terminal is coupled to the first node, and wherein the tenth terminal is coupled to a control voltage output node, and wherein the fifth gate terminal is controlled by a current mirror.
 22. The carrier medium as recited in claim 21 wherein the current mirror is non-cascoded.
 23. The carrier medium as recited in claim 21 wherein the first transistor, the second transistor, the third transistor, and the fifth transistor are a first type of transistor and the fourth transistor is a second type of transistor.
 24. The carrier medium as recited in claim 21 wherein the database further represents: a sixth transistor, a seventh transistor, and an eighth transistor coupled in series, wherein: (a) the sixth transistor includes an eleventh terminal, a twelfth terminal, and a sixth gate terminal; (b) the seventh transistor includes a thirteenth terminal, a fourteenth terminal, and a seventh gate terminal; and (c) the eighth transistor includes a fifteenth terminal, a sixteenth terminal, and an eighth gate terminal; wherein the eleventh terminal, the twelfth terminal, and the thirteenth terminal are connected to a third node; wherein the fourteenth terminal, the fifteenth terminal, and the sixteenth terminal are connected to a fourth node; wherein the seventh gate terminal is coupled to receive a second signal; and wherein the sixth gate terminal and the eighth gate terminal are coupled to receive a complement of the second signal; a ninth transistor having a seventeenth terminal, an eighteenth terminal, and a ninth gate terminal, wherein the seventeenth terminal is coupled to the fourth node, the eighteenth terminal is coupled to a second power supply, and the ninth gate terminal is coupled to receive the second signal; and a tenth transistor having a nineteenth terminal, a twentieth terminal, and a tenth gate terminal, wherein the nineteenth terminal is coupled to the fourth node, and wherein the twentieth terminal is coupled to the control voltage output node, and wherein the tenth gate terminal is controlled by a second current mirror.
 25. The carrier medium as recited in claim 24 wherein the second current mirror is non-cascoded and is coupled to the first current mirror.
 26. The carrier medium as recited in claim 24 wherein the sixth transistor, the seventh transistor, the eighth transistor, and the tenth transistor are a first type of transistor and the ninth transistor is a second type of transistor.
 27. The carrier medium as recited in claim 24 wherein the database further represents a first load circuit coupled between the second power supply and a dummy output node, the first load circuit providing a load matched to a load of the sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth transistors and coupled to receive the first signal and the complement of the first signal.
 28. The carrier medium as recited in claim 27 wherein the first load circuit comprises eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth transistors nominally matched to the sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth transistors respectively and connected the same as the sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth transistors, except that the gate terminals of the eleventh and thirteenth transistors are coupled to receive the first signal, the gate terminals of the twelfth and fourteenth transistors are coupled to receive the complement of the first signal, and the fifteenth transistor is coupled to the dummy output node instead of the control voltage output node.
 29. The carrier medium as recited in claim 27 wherein the database further represents a second load circuit coupled between the power supply and the dummy output node, the second load circuit providing a load matched to a load of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth transistors and coupled to receive the second signal and the complement of the second signal.
 30. The carrier medium as recited in claim 29 wherein the second load circuit comprises sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth transistors nominally matched to the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth transistors respectively and connected the same as the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth transistors, except that the gate terminals of the sixteenth and eighteenth transistors are coupled to receive the second signal, the gate terminals of the seventeenth and nineteenth transistors are coupled to receive the complement of the second signal, and the twentieth transistor is coupled to the dummy output node instead of the control voltage output node.
 31. The carrier medium as recited in claim 20 wherein a size of the first and third transistors is approximately ½ a size of the second transistor. 